Protected areas of Ukraine are the areas created with the goal to protect nature and cultural heritage from excessive changes as a result of human activity on territory of Ukraine. The protection of the areas is responsibility of the government of Ukraine, the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine.
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There are two separate ministries with the Cabinet of Ministers that administer preservation of protected areas on the national scale, while local preservation is conducted through the regional State Administrations. The protected areas or landmarks mainly carry either cultural or environmental values. The environmentally protected areas and objects in Ukraine are designed into the Nature Preservation Fund (PZF, "Природно-заповідний фонд України")[1] which includes national parks, preserves (sanctuaries), landmarks of nature, biosphere preserves, and others. Areas and objects of cultural heritage as well as the Museum Fund of Ukraine are also protected. The preservation of these areas and objects are supervised by different government ministries that designate special agencies for preservation (services). All objects of cultural heritage are recorded into the State Registry for Fixed Landmarks of Ukriane (sometimes - simply as the Registry).
The governing body for organization, protection, and use of the Nature-Preservation Fund is the central state executive body in protection of the surrounding natural environment (since 2010 the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Ukraine) which designated the State Service for Nature Preservation as its specialized department. The governing body for organization, protection, and use of all recorded preserves, museums, and objects of cultural heritage is the central state executive body of culture (since 2010 the Ministry of Culture of Ukraine), which designated Derzhkultspadshchyna (abbreviated for the State Cultural Heritage) as its specialized department for such preservation.[2]
Beside the Ministry of Culture the cultural preservation in Ukraine is also conducted by museums which may or not be state-owned.[3] A statute of museums is different from the government agency Derzhkultspadshchyna[4] and regulated by a special law on museums. Museums that are part of a cultural preserve fall under the jurisdiction of the government and are supervised by Derzhkultspadshchyna. Separate museum objects and collections that are constantly kept on the territory of Ukraine regardless of their origin and ownership as well as the museum objects and collections, that are located outside of Ukraine and are property of Ukraine or subject to return, according to the international laws, are part of the Museum Fund of Ukraine. Museum Fund of Ukraine may or not be part of state program for preservation of cultural heritage.
The preservation of cultural heritage and natural environment in the Zone of alienation is exclusive and conducted by the administration of that zone which is under jurisdiction of the Ministry of Emergencies.
In 1995 there was created the Main Directory of National Nature Parks and Nature Preservation that specifically supervised the protected areas of the country. In 2001 the directory was reorganized into the State Service for Nature Preservation. The most important out of those objects are natural preserves (zapovedniks), national nature parks, nature reserves (zakazniks). The total area of PZF in Ukraine consists of 3,268,000 ha (8,080,000 acres) or around 5.4% of the total area in the country.[1] The most represented categories of the PZF are regional nature reserves which account for over third of the Nature-Preservation Find and national nature parks which are about quarter of it.[1] The least represented are botanic gardens and zoos.[1] In 2010 the Ministry of Ukraine in Environmental Protection through the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine developed and sent out for the parliamentary review a proposition for development of the national ecological program for nature preservation on period until 2020, which would increase the PZF of Ukraine twice.[1]
The Nature-Preservation Fund consists of parts of land and water areas, the nature complexes and objects of which carry special nature-protecting, scientific, aesthetic, recreational and other value and are outlined in order to preserve the natural variety of landscapes, the gene pool of fauna and flora, supporting general ecological balance, and providing background environmental monitoring. Thereby the law of Ukraine the nature-sanctuary fund is protected as a national heritage for which there has established special regime of protection, recreation, and use. Ukraine reviews such fund as an integral part of the global system of natural areas and objects that are under special protection.
To the Nature-Preservation Fund of Ukraine belong:
Nature reserves, natural monuments, botanic gardens, arboreta, zoological parks, and park architecture monuments depending on their ecological and scientific, historically cultural value maybe a state-wide or local importance.
Depending on origin of other features of natural complexes and objects that were declared preserves or natural monuments on purpose and necessary regime of protection:
Territories of nature preserves, preserved zones of biosphere preserves, land and other natural resources given to the national nature parks are property of Ukrainian people.
Regional landscape parks, zones (buffer, anthropogenic landscapes, regulated preservation regime) of biosphere preserves, other lands and natural resources (included, but not assigned) of national nature parks, nature reserves, natural monuments, protected tracts, botanical gardens, arboreta, zoological parks, park architecture monuments may be property of Ukrainian people as well as any other forms of property provided by legislation of Ukraine.
Botanical gardens, arboreta, and zoological parks created before June 16, 1992 are not subject to privatization.
In case of change of form of property on land where located nature reserves, natural monuments, protected tracts, park architecture monuments the landowners are required to ensure the regime of their protection and preservation with a respective reregistration of conservation obligation.
Objective, scientific profile, nature of operation and regime of the territories and objects of the PZF are defined in the provisions on them, developed in accordance with this Law and approved:
Nature preserves, biosphere preserves, national nature parks, botanic gardens, arboreta, zoological parks of state-wide importance as well as regional landscape parks are legal entities.
Botanic gardens, arboreta, zoological parks of local importance and park architecture monuments may be recognized as legal entities in respect to the legislation of Ukraine.
There are three major classes for objects of cultural heritage.
There are following types of objects of cultural heritage:
All monuments except monuments of archeology may be a property of state, community, or individual. All monuments of archeology including the ones that are underwater along with any movable objects related to them are a state property. Such movable objects are attributed to the state part of Museum Fund of Ukraine, and subject for registration and preservation in accordance with law.
Form of property on a treasury that is considered a monument (attraction) is defined by the Civil Codex of Ukraine.[5] In a document that certifies the form of property on a monument are indicated category of the monument, date and the number of decision for its state registration.
Lands where located monuments of archeology are property of state or withdrawn (sold) to state in the established by law order, excluding the land plots with the monument of archeology as fields of ancient battles.
In order to protect the traditional nature of the environment of populated places they recorded in the List of historical populated sites of Ukraine which is approved by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. Any urban, architectural, and landscape transformations as well as building, meliorative, road construction, and any excavations without the permission of the respective authority for protection of cultural heritage is prohibited.
Complex (ensemble) of monuments with its entire collection of components that carry cultural, historic, and scientific value, specially, planned, and functionally allocated within the structure of a populated settlement or localized outside of it, maybe declared a historic-cultural preserve of state or local importance. Historic-cultural preserved territory is declared a historically formed territory, within which remained significant number of objects of cultural heritage.
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